The Career that interest me is being a doctor. Essay Example For Students

The Career that interest me is being a doctor. Essay In the 1994-1995 academic year the United States and Canada had 140 accredited 4-year medical colleges. That same year 43,029 men and 30,821 women were enrolled in these schools and 10,646 men and 7,009 women were graduated. Graduates, after a year of internship, receive licenses to practice if they pass an examination administered either by a state board or by the National Board of Medical Examiners. Physicians diagnose diseases and injuries, administer treatment, and advise patients on good diet and other ways to stay healthy. The United States has two kinds of physicians, the Doctor of Medicine (MD) and the Doctor of Osteopathy (DO). Both use medicines, surgery, and other standard methods of treating disease. DOs place special emphasis on problems involving the musculoskeletal system, which includes muscles, ligaments, bones, and joints. Patients receive medical care from primary care doctors and specialists. Primary care doctors include general practitioners, family physicians, general internists, and general pediatricians. Many women also use obstetricians-gynecologists as primary care doctors. Patients usually consult a primary care doctor when they first become ill or injured. Primary care physicians can treat most common disorders, and provide comprehensive, lifelong care for individuals and families. We will write a custom essay on The Career that interest me is being a doctor. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But medical knowledge has advanced so far that no physician can master an entire field of medicine. Primary care doctors may refer patients with unusually complicated problems to specialists with advanced training in a particular disease or field of medicine. Specialists may even concentrate in one particular area, and become sub specialists. Each specialist in internal medicine, for instance, is an expert in diagnosis and no surgical treatment of adult diseases. But some internists take advanced training to become sub specialists in treating adolescents, heart disease, elderly people, cancer, or arthritis. For more information about the areas that specialists treat, see the table on Medical Specialties. branch of education devoted to training doctors in the practice of medicine. In 18th-century colonial America, prospective physicians either apprenticed themselves to established practitioners or went abroad to study in the traditional schools of London, Paris, and Edinburgh. Medicine was first taught formally by specialists at the University of Pennsylvania, beginning in 1765, and in 1767 at Kings College (now Columbia University), the first institution in the colonies to confer the degree of doctor of medicine. Following the American Revolution, the Columbia medical faculty (formerly of Kings College) was merged with the College of Physicians and Surgeons, chartered in 1809, which survives as a division of Columbia University. In 1893 the Johns Hopkins Medical School required all applicants to have a college degree and was the first to afford its students the opportunity to further their training in an affiliated teaching hospital. The growth of medical schools affiliated with established institutions of learning was paralleled by the development of proprietary schools of medicine run for personal profit, most of which had low standards and inadequate facilities. In 1910 Abraham Flexner, the American education reformer, wrote Medical Education in the United States and Canada, exposing the inadequacies of most proprietary schools. Subsequently, the American Medical Association and the Association of American Medical Colleges laid down standards for course content, qualifications of teachers, laboratory facilities, affiliation with teaching hospitals, and licensing of practitioners that survive to this day.

Discuss that the imperialism should not exist essays

Discuss that the imperialism should not exist essays Imperialism is the practice of gaining colonies for money, trade, political, power. European wants Africa under development. They stop Africa from creating new market. For example, British and India had textile industry; British did not want competition of India. With its control, India had to buy England textile. Therefore, India cannot produce its own textile market. Europeans prevent other countries from creating their own market. Just because of competition for textile, British use its own power to put textile India industry down. Therefore, these poor and small countries are not able to stand their feet up. European countries first came to Africa to view the nature beauty. Then they realize that Africa is rich in natural resources that their countries do not have. Then they began to colonize Africa. For example, British is an industrialized country. It required many resources for industrialized companies, but it does not have enough resources in its own country. Instead of buying these resources from other countries, it colonized Africa to get these resources without buying it. Not only have those, nations in Europe competed to colonize expansion on Africa. Countries in Africa were not an advanced, powerful enough to stop European army. The scramble for Africa began when Henry Stanley claimed the Congo River valley for Belgium. France claimed Algeria and built the Suez Canal. Britain took Egypt in order to control the canal, which is important to shipping the resources back to their countries. Britain defeats the Boers to control of the rich resources in southern Africa. Cecil Rhodes became rich from Kimberly diamond field. Just because of natural resources that they control Africa. They should not do that. That interfere other country rights. By using their power, Europeans countries can do whatever they want. They should not take over the countries resources without paying money for that. That is not ri...

Organisation that fail to plan are in essence planning to fail' Essay

Organisation that fail to plan are in essence planning to fail'. discuss this statement. in your answer consider types of organisational plans, and the link be - Essay Example act that the company’s mission and vision statements are chalked up when it is in the early stage and thus the whole concept of finding out what it wants from its different processes and activities, whether or not to go for the short term incentives or substitute the same for the long term gains and a host of other things that come in line with these points as well. [DEAN, 2002] Organizations in the present times are doing their utmost in order to know more and more about their valued customers. For this, they have devised certain strategies which are in line with the values that their business has set for itself. These values are thus deeply intrinsic within the mission and vision statements of the company. In order to gain further knowledge about the customers, research is being given proper emphasis which would eventually discern the exact basis for the customers to come and make that vital purchase. [McNAMARA, 2007] Even when the same has been done, the need is to find out how the same customers can be retained and in what manner they will come back for the repeat purchase of the product. Organizations do their best to conduct research which will harness their business outcomes as well as help them achieve positive results in the light of unbroken grounds, at least in the marketing and business circles. They want to reach out to the customers in whatever capacity they can and for that they aim to find out the best and most efficient means possible. In order to gain this deeper understanding, they are seeking in depth research from third party research affiliates like A C Nielsen, Dunn & Bradstreet and others. These research companies find the exact basis for the company to reach out to the potential customers as well as hit upon the ones who are actually buying the competitor products and are simply unaware of their product or do not want to use theirs due to certain malice, prejudice, immoral or disliked advertising campaigns and a host of other reasons as

Calvins View of the Biblical Doctrine of the Fall of Man, Resistence Essay

Calvins View of the Biblical Doctrine of the Fall of Man, Resistence to Tyrannical Government and argument for Limited Governmen - Essay Example Irresistible Grace†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 D. Perseverance of the Saints†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 E. Limited Atonement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 III. Christian Community and the Christian Government †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 - 9 IV. Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Introduction The Reformation was a religious movement intended to rectify the teachings of the Catholic Church on human salvation. It abolished the systematized view on attaining salvation by emphasizing on human faith alone. Thus, for the Reformists, it is enough for man to believe in order to be saved. One of the most influential theologians during the Reformation period was John Calvin. Claimed by many as the founder of Calvinism, he shared some definitive teachings on the nature of man and on the significance of a Christian community. His lectures greatly contributed in the establishment of some religious and socio-political ideologies of today. In this light, we will examine the teachings of John Calvin by highlighting on two important aspects: firstly, his view on the nature of man in relation to the divine intellect; and secondly; his notion of the ideal socio-political community. I. Human Sin and Salvation All of the teachings of John Calvi n are grounded on his unique conception of human nature, which according to him, is corrupt and wicked. 1 As underscored in most of works, the spiritual downfall of man was caused by the sin of Adam and Eve. As a result of this sin, man became spiritually dead. Thus, John Calvin believes that the spiritual downfall of man has made him unworthy to go to heaven, thus, he has to be essentially chosen by God to be saved. The choice, however, depends not on his actions on earth but on the destiny that has been arbitrarily assigned to him by God. In this light, the salvation of man rests heavily on the arbitrary and preordained judgment of God, for He has the right, the power, and the wisdom to do whatever he pleases. This sets forth the central tenet of Calvinism, which is predestination. The catechism of Calvinism is summarized into Five Points (Christ Covenant Sunday School 2009). An examination of each point will help elucidate some of the key issues related to Calvinism: firstly, the inherent nature of sin in relation to the work of Satan; secondly, the justification for the selection of the Elect; and lastly, Calvary and notion of limited atonement. 1. Total Depravity As described earlier, the whole being of man has been tainted by sin—his body, soul, intellect, will, and emotions. And because of this, man has lost his direct relation to God. Sin is deemed to be the activity of Satan. According to the bible, Satan is a fallen angel who lost his status due to perversion. His rebellion to God caused him to become the irreconcilable enemy of God. It can be stated, moreover, that Satan’s nature is marked by lies.2 His basic strategy of falsehood is intended not only to injure God, but also to destroy man. According to Calvin, however, the fall of man is his own responsibility. Although the conception of sin is formed by Satan, it is man that ultimately executed the act. As a result, man now bears the image of Satan and is now

How does music influence human nature particularly in the youth Research Paper

How does music influence human nature particularly in the youth - Research Paper Example Psychological treatments are known to help offenders in a number of ways, which include reducing the rate at which they are rearrested. They also help offenders gain self-control and improve their interpersonal skills in solving problems. The treatment also helps them comprehend issues from other people’s point of view, thus avoiding egocentrism. The offenders moral values improve and they embrace critical reasoning. Anger management is a crucial skill learned in this process, and it assists the individuals undergoing through it not to rush into action when they are angry. The anger management is, however, not to make them avoid becoming angry, but rather to help them monitor their reactions. Nevertheless, psychologists argue that although psychological treatment is authorized in sentencing offenders, its effectiveness is debatable. Many argue that the offenders deserve punishment while in prison, and treatment is pointless. This is because they may not change their behaviours , or are unwilling to do so. They may also opt for treatment not because they can change, but to avoid judgement from the society. Criminal behaviour may include sexual offences, manslaughter, and robbery with violence. An offender may be led to such actions by mental illness, poor social integration skills, factors of unemployment, drug or substance abuse, and the lack of intimate relationships. Depression is also another factor that may lead a person to commit an offence (Evans, 1998).

Culture Differences In Nonverbal Communication Cultural Studies Essay

Culture Differences In Nonverbal Communication Cultural Studies Essay Communication contains verbal and nonverbal behaviors, and these two types are clearly influenced by culture. In this paper I will discuss the role of culture in verbal language, focusing on nonverbal behaviors and body language,. I also discuss the control of culture on nonverbal actions in the communication progressions, includes our facial expressions, , eye contact, gestures, posture, and even the tone of our voice. Nonverbal  Communication is the communication and express feeling with no words the capability to value and use nonverbal communication as powerful tool that help people communicate with others, express what their emotion, experiences, and make better relationships at house and work. Many people think that all they really need to pay attention to in a discussion is the spoken word and nonverbal communications as well (Jeanne Segal et al, 2010) Every culture has its own language, with its own vocabulary, language rules, and grammar without any doubt Culture influences all characteristic of our life. It entail subjective such as approach, ,outlook, judgment, values, principles, behaviors and objective clothe, food, device; frequently look like as if cultural miscommunication produces up in the majority of unpredicted situate (Matsumoto, 1997). Arabic language shapes combining characteristics of the Arab World. Nevertheless different areas use local language and accent of Arabic, all share the speak of the normal standard Arabic language Arabs, use gestures and body language to communicate with others just like all people do. Some of the nonverbal communication is nearly the same as Western or Eastern but some are completely diverse. Facial expressions: According to (Matsumoto, 2006 ) there are six universal emotions : anger, revulsion, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise that would be showing from any person who has different culture and background. Canadian smile at strangers public places which is good habit in my opinion, although our religion motivate smiling to others whether they are known to us or not but most Arab feel not comfortable to see people smile to them or they might think that they know them and couldnt recognize their name. Smile might show warmth, express respect, or costume true feelings. I faced some differences in the facial expression here in Canada even with Arabs who are from different regions and areas but I realized that we could make mistakes when we judge people according to our own culture in the way of expression their feeling and emotions by their facial expression and if some individuals of culture do not have strong facial expression or they do not show it does not mean that they experience emo tions. Eye contact Eye contact is something means the trust and honesty while In Arabic culture lack of eye contact does not mean that a person is not paying attention. Women usually avoid eye contact with Men. Gestures: Gestures are particular body or hand movement that bring meaning to others use of a finger to signify come here please This gesture considered to be rude and offensive in some cultures. The gesture of perfect in western culture means in our culture threats and bullying Usually Arab use for calling someone right hand out, palm down, with fingers brought to oneself over and over again in a clawing movement, In nonverbal communication some gestures considered rude and might be normal and polite manners in other culture for example snapping fingers to call a waiter is appropriate, whereas Arab culture consider this gesture rude and impolite.    touch is another example of nonverbal communication which is normal between the same sex and forbidden between the opposite sex in Arab culture unless if the members are male relative for example father ,grandfather, brothers, son, nephew and sisters son uncles or by marriage husbands father grandfather, and husbands son. Every culture is different in their nonverbal expression of emotion. Feelings of friendship exist universally in the world, however their expression differ. It is okay in some nations for men to hug and for women to hold hands; in other countries, these shows of warmth and liking are disheartened or forbidden. Many of Canadians and Americans business manager like comforting with their feet up on their desks. But to show someone from Saudi Arabia the ones foot is extremely offensive and rude, because the foot is considered the dirtiest part of the body. Greetings: Even though it could be tricky to know exactly how we should greet every person in other culture, but it is important to know a common greeting before we visit a new country. Also something need to be known very well that our manners of greeting might be not work in another culture. For example, while it is normal for women to kiss and hug men while this is unacceptable greeting manners religious and traditionally in Muslims and Arab world. It is kind of polite act to fully respect parents and any elders by help them talk to them respectfully and walk beside or behind them never walk in front of them that is rude act also people usually kiss them in the head to show the respect and kindness. Arab and Muslims usually greet each other by these words Salam alaykum which means Peace is upon you with Allahs Mercy and Blessings. Physical Space: Various cultures need to speak to each other at diverse space.   People need more or less physical space between themselves and someone else as this can affect the whole communication. When I first start meeting people from different cultures I tried to adjusted the distance take steps back and forth to be comfortable with the speaker. I usually take more space when I talk to male more than female according to my religion and belief. According to (Matsumoto, 2006) Arab men, be likely to sit nearer to each other than American males, with more direct, confrontational kinds of body direction. They also had superior eye contact and tended to talk in louder voices. Additionally, People from Arab cultures usually learn to interrelate with others at space close enough. Avoiding Cultural Miscommunication: Knowing the nonverbal communication in the new country that we have planned to visit is something very important to avoid the miscommunication across-culture. Also, knowing where cultural misinterpretation frequently occurs to help to adjust the communication when you observe a something out of place crop up. Practice using this knowledge to develop cross-cultural communication skill helps us to make relationships with people from other cultures. The way of acknowledge the other person is significant also, direct eye contact, a handshake, and a little words are needed in many culture in communicating with others. Communicating with clarity and empathy are helping the communication to be effective as it build trust relationships. Help the other person to see everything in the discussion. Clarity builds trust. Also we should know that not just the culture that influence the communication with others but the individuals personality and the relationships between people who are communicating.

Macbeth :: essays research papers

I am going to prove that in the play Macbeth, a symbol of blood is portrayed often(and with different meanings), and that it is a symbol that is developed until it is the dominating theme of the play towards the end of it. To begin with, I found the word "blood", or different forms of it forty-two times (ironically, the word fear is used forty-two times), with several other passages dealing with the symbol. Perhaps the best way to show how the symbol of blood changes throughout the play, is to follow the character changes in Macbeth. First he is a brave honoured soldier, but as the play progresses, he becomes a treacherous person who has become identified with death and bloodshed and shows his guilt in different forms. The first reference of blood is one of honour, and occurs when Duncan sees the injured sergeant and says "What bloody man is that?". This is symbolic of the brave fighter who been injured in a valiant battle for his country. In the next passage, in which the sergeant says "Which smok''d with bloody execution", he is referring to Macbeth''s braveness in which his sword is covered in the hot blood of the enemy. After these few references to honour, the symbol of blood now changes to show a theme of treachery and treason. Lady Macbeth starts this off when she asks the spirits to "make thick my blood,". What she is saying by this, is that she wants to make herself insensitive and remorseless for the deeds which she is about to commit. Lady Macbeth knows that the evidence of blood is a treacherous symbol, and knows it will deflect the guilt from her and Macbeth to the servants when she says "smear the sleepy grooms with blood.", and "If he do bleed, I''ll gild the faces of the grooms withal, for it must seem their guilt." When Banquo states "and question this most bloody piece of work," and Ross says "is''t known who did this more than bloody deed?", they are both inquiring as to who performed the treacherous acts upon Duncan. When Macbeth is speaking about Malcolm and Donalbain, he refers to them as "bloody cousins" A final way, and perhaps the most vivid use of the symbol blood, is of the theme of guilt. First Macbeth hints at his guilt when he says "Will all great Neptune''s ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?", meaning that he wondered if he would ever be able to forget the dastardly deed that he had committed. Then the ghost of Banquo, all gory, and bloody comes to

Early History of America: What Factors Allowed Jamestown To survive it’s First Fifteen Years

In XVI and early XVII century many of the European nations tried to establish their colonies in that part of the New World, which is now known as North America. English attempts appeared to be most successful when Virginia Company received a relevant consent from King James I and settled a colony called Jamestown after James in 1607. Colonists had to face enormous hardships in their first years in the new country, however, they managed to found a permanent colony – a core for further exploration of the continent.This paper is to examine and analyze the factors which sustained the colonists success for fifteen years: since 1607 till 1622 using examples from the book â€Å"A Land as God Made It† by James Horn, using the edition published in 2006. The paper shall discuss those factors being divided into two periods: from 1607 to 1615 and from 1615 to 1622 and how those factors relate to the total history of Jamestown. The paper shall deal with both positive and negative ef fects of those factors to make a complex and balanced research. Horn’s book possesses two remarkable characteristics.On the one hand it is a rather calm and reserved story told without unnecessary fanfares. To the first look it may seem that the author is at all not interested in Jamestown as he speaks about Indians inhabiting the place, previous colonization attempts, and does not admire the romantic story of Pocahontas. English colonists are only a part of the epic history of European movement to America and he describes the story in context. On the other hand Horn is able to create a feeling of â€Å"living history†. He knows the people of XVII century well and pays much attention to their everyday life.A reader can smell smoke of fires, hear gunshots and warlike shouts, being personally in the story. â€Å"A Land as God Made It† is a very atmospheric book. At that Horn does not lose the trend and remains a historian but not a belletrist. The book is based on facts but not on legends and is a solid scientific research. Although Horn gives more descriptions than analysis, the factors which influenced Jamestown can be easily derived from the book. Further those factors shall be found and analyzed. The first major factor, leading to survival of Jamestown throughout it’s entire history was the GEOGRAFIC LOCATION.Actually, Jamestown has not been the very first settlement of Europeans in Virginia. Already in 1570 the Spanish have created a fort of Saint Augustine to protect their trade routes from the pirates as well as for protection of a Catholic mission from the Indians. There were several French attempts to colonize the place but they failed mostly because of the Spanish attacks and little interest of the French government to Virginia. And in fact the Spanish seemed to be the most dangerous enemies of the English in America as well as the French and the Dutch.So the departing colonists have been instructed to find a place, which wo uld be safe and easy to defend from attacks of Europeans, but little attention has been paid to Indians and to solving hardships with food supplies, which the people of Jamestown later faced. The colonists have made their first permanent camp after several weeks of explorations on a peninsula in the southern part of Chesapeake Bay, and there were several important reasons for this. The chosen place has been situated about fifty miles away from the oceanic coast to avoid surprise attack by the Spanish.It was surrounded with water with only a narrow portion of sandy terrain tying it with the land. This vulnerable direction could be easily defended by a wooden fence, which the settlers immediately started to build. There was plenty of fish in the bay for food. The bay itself was deep enough to allow big ships sail in it and moor near Jamestown transporting provision, arms and equipment and taking colonial production from Jamestown. On the side of the river the settlement could be defen ded by ship’s cannons . However, there were also several disadvantages.The land was quite moistly and unsuitable for agriculture, as well as the peninsula itself lacked building materials like wood and stone. Fresh water was dirty and the surrounding waters were salty. There were no proper sources of water in the surrounding, which later caused many hardships to the settlers including diseases and numerous deaths from dehydration when the colonists were not able to get water from outside the settlement. Local Indians appeared to be very antagonistic to the Englishmen and this often precluded them from leaving the settlement and forced the colonists to survive on a small site of land.Some of those difficulties were solved via negotiations with the Indians. This makes the second factor: BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS WITH INDIANS. Captain’s John Smith diplomatic ability played an important role in survival of the colony right after it has been founded. Local Indian tribes have b een united to the Powhatan alliance headed by a great chief Wahunsonacock. Smith became engaged in the series of negotiations, which Horn called â€Å"one of the most remarkable series of encounters between Englishmen and Indians in the New World.† Smith managed not only to provide the safety of the colony from Indian attacks in it’s first and most vulnerable two years, but also to barter enough food for colonists in their first and most harsh winter. Smith organized explorative expeditions around the Chesapeake Bay and successfully traded food with Nansemond Indians. Later he entered into negotiations with Powhatan Confederacy of Indians, which were initially successful, and than after certain misunderstandings arose, almost lead Smith to death and saving by Pocahontas.The relations between colonists and Indians have been to a great extent based on Smith’s personal authority and his ability to understand and accept Indian customs. It is known that he even recei ved proposals to leave the settlement and become a mighty chief of the local tribes, which he rejected. In 1609 Smith had an accident with firearms and has been sent to England for medical treatment. There is little clarity with the accident and Horn makes an assumption that this could be a result of quarrels between colonists themselves.Whichever thing happened, Smith’s departure resulted in frosting of the relationships and further conflict between the Indians and the settlers. Negotiations after 1609 were mostly fruitless, and the war broke out again until in the last portion of the colonists was killed in a slaughter leaving the colony deserted in 1622. Shortly thereafter however it has renewed and the British government of Virginia started expelling all indigenous peoples from the country except those who became slaves. Thus a policy of graduate displacement of Indians by the Europeans has begun.Trading food with Indians allowed the settlement only to survive it’s harshest times, however, active living and exploration would never be possible without the next crucial factor which is active SUPPORT FROM THE HOMELAND. As soon as the first fortifications in Jamestown have been completed, the ships Newport and Susan Constant left back for England with samples of local minerals, leaving only one small vessel to serve the settlers needs. In the next 18 months Newport has twice sailed to from England to Jamestown and back bringing 70 new colonists and small supplies of food and materials.This is now known as the first and second supply missions, but in fact there were too little supplies for colonists to survive, so they had to make contacts with Indians. Together with Newport other vessels brought skilled craftsmen recruited by the Virginia Company to start industry in Jamestown, including people from Holland, Germany and even Poland. Later these were added by Italians, perhaps starting a tradition of national diversity in America and making Jamest own the first â€Å"melting pot† in North America. Seeing colonists hardships in the new land Virginia Company decided to take the point of supplying Jamestown more seriously.The Sea Venture, a new flagship of the Company, together with eight other vessels sailed to Jamestown in 1609 carrying the third batch of supplies for the colony. In the course of the voyage the fleet had to face a mighty hurricane and Sea Venture was lost near the Bermuda Islands. The survivors managed to build a smaller vessel from the remains of Sea Venture and local tincture and arrive to Jamestown in May 1610. They have found only about a hundred colonists out of original 500, who were willing to leave the colony. However, the governor of Virginia forced them to come back on the half-way home and continue the settlement .Thusly, imperative will of the British authorities can be considered to be a yet another factor, which contributed to development of Jamestown. In May 1611 three more ships arrived to Jamestown, bringing supplies, cattle and a new governor appointed by the Company – Sir Thomas Dale. The latter decided, that living conditions at the site were unhealthy and called upon reconstruction of Jamestown as well as started arranging expeditions to find a better site for the colony near James River. At a distance up the river Dale started building a settlement of Henricus – a probable place for a new capital of Virginia.A remarkable supply party arrived in 1619, which included the first Africans to live in North America (unfortunately as slaves) and 90 unmarried women, who were to become wives for single men of Jamestown. However, they were not the first women in Jamestown, as the first ones arrived as wives and maids in 1607, and by 1619 there were already several growing children of Englishmen, who could proudly call themselves Americans. The fourth important factor influencing life in Jamestown was PRODUCTION AND TRADE WITH THE BRITISH HOMELAND.Virginia Company had a precise aim of obtaining profits from the colony and would never support the colonists, in case they would generate none. Already in 1608 the Company demanded the council of the colony to send commodities which would pay the voyage and to start winning gold, as they were sure that there is enough gold in the New World. Already Newport brought samples of local mineral pyrite, which the colonists confused with gold. However, by 1611 the colony was almost dead since it’s economic effect was vanishing and only King’s desire to have an outpost in America supported the existence of Jamestown.The only goods which the colonists were able to produce and attempted to export were artifacts of glass. In 1611 however John Rofle’s attempts to raise an export of tobacco yielded their fruits. He started growing new sorts of Nicotiana Tobacco brought from England which were better than local Nicotiana rustica. Successful export of tobacco grown at Rofle’s fa rm began in 1612. In 1616 he took a voyage to England to persuade investors to provide funds for further development of industry in Jamestown. Upon his return to Jamestown Rofle continued to improve the quality of tobacco, so by 1622 it’s production grew rapidly .Due to rising interest of investors to tobacco production in Jamestown, the so-called â€Å"hundreds† have been established. A hundred was a sort of agricultural division capable of growing certain amounts of agriculture at a certain area. The hundreds created tobacco plantations in the surroundings of Jamestown and later throughout Virginia. In 1617 the export of tobacco reached 50 000 pounds annually creating an economic basis for survival of the colony. Except the mentioned factors there were some, which are less measurable: religious and moral ones.Almost all the settlers were protestants, who, by virtue of their religious beliefs, took rough with smooth and had a habit for hard work and moderation as well as carried spirit of enterprise and initiative with them. This attitude and this spirit later contributed to prosperity of the country. Europeans tried to begin living in North America for many times. Jamestown appeared to be one of the most successful project of all. Each of the mentioned factors was present in other European colonies, but their successful combination and perhaps luck made exactly Jamestown the most successful of all.

What It Means To Be A Optometrist †Health Science Essay

What It Means To Be A Optometrist – Health Science Essay Free Online Research Papers What It Means To Be A Optometrist Health Science Essay I think the ideal candidate for tomorrow’s optometrist should be someone who can appreciate the intertwining of technology and optometry, yet at the same time, can understand that optometry is as much an art as it is a science. My determination to become an optometrist has strengthened over the course of many years’ studying, as the more I learned about this profession, better I understood about myself. I choose optometry because of its interdisciplinary nature, its intellectual challenges, and most importantly, the satisfaction in knowing that I can impact people’s lives in a meaningful way through the act of healing. I have never doubted that I want to work in a field of health science. In my postsecondary years, I took many science courses so that I will be well-prepared to pursue higher education in this profession. During a course in Human Anatomy, I came to realize that the human body is indeed the greatest machinery ever engineered, and one thing that attracts me the most is the human eye, the organ which gives us the sense of sight, allowing us to learn more about the surrounding world than we do with any of the other four senses. From that moment, I know what I want to be, an eye doctor, an Optometrist. To explore more in this field and to learn more about being an optometrist, I volunteered in Dr. Chen’s Office this year, who is a doctor of optometry. Interacting with patients, being ready to face every imaginable situation, team work, time and budget management were all valuable lessons I learned from him. In this experience, I realized that optometry is a dynamic and challenging career that allows me to help people, achieve personal growth and community respect. It is a career that filled with exciting challenges and unlimited possibilities, and I know that I will not doubt my conviction to become a good optometrist. Soon after I make up my mind for optometry, I started researching the field. I searched many schools; one that fascinated me is Pennsylvania College of Optometry. Not only because it is the leading institute for vision care worldwide, but also it is the world’s largest comprehensive eye care clinic, The Eye Institution. One of Optometry’s biggest appeals to me is the opportunity to work closely with people and build strong bonds. Tutoring English and Math over the past three years has been a constant source of fulfillment because of the trust my students placed in me and the tangible difference that I felt I made in their academic careers. During my second and third year of University, I volunteered at Mount Sinai Hospital as a Chinese Interpreter. This brought me closer to the health care field, when I go from one department to another to help people with difficult communications with physicians. In the Hospital, I see ups and downs, the tears and smiles, the hard work and the rewards. Seeing the sadness of family members at the slow decline of their loved ones filled me with emotions and desires to help. At better times, when I was able to use a nice chat to distract a patient from his pains, perhaps only for a moment, the good feelings of gratification would brighten my day. I learn ed to be sensitive, to be a good listener, to understand and embrace differences, (simultaneously, realize that how similar we are at the root) and at the same time, to realize how similar we are at the root. Becoming an optometrist seems to be a natural next step in my life. My many experiences have all contributed in making and affirming my decision to dedicate myself into a career in optometry, and Pennsylvania College of Optometry is definitely my first choice. I think this century will be an exciting one for optometric advancements, and I desire to be on the forefront of bringing clear vision to every individual at any age. Research Papers on What It Means To Be A Optometrist - Health Science EssayArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Marketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductStandardized TestingCapital PunishmentPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyLifes What IfsInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic EngineeringThe Fifth HorsemanBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

Home Depot Implements Stakeholder Orientation Essays

Home Depot Implements Stakeholder Orientation Essays Home Depot Implements Stakeholder Orientation Paper Home Depot Implements Stakeholder Orientation Paper CHAPTER 1 The Importance of Business Ethics SUMMARY This chapter provides an overview of the field of business ethics. It develops a definition of business ethics and discusses why it has become an important topic in business education. It also examines the evolution of business ethics in North America and explores the benefits of ethical decision making in business. Finally, the chapter provides a framework for examining business ethics in this text. LECTURE OUTLINE I. Business Ethics Defined A. Business ethics is a complicated and controversial topic: 1. The field of business ethics concerns questions about whether specific business practices are acceptable. 2. Business ethics is controversial and there is no universally accepted approach for resolving ethical issues. 3. Values and judgments play a critical role in the making of ethical decisions. B. Some special aspects must be considered when applying ethics to business. 1. Businesses must earn a profit to survive. 2. Businesses must balance their desires for profits against the needs and desires of society. 3. Maintaining this balance often requires compromises or tradeoffs. C. Business ethics comprises values and standards that guide behavior in the world of business. D. Principles are specific and pervasive boundaries for behavior that are universal and absolute. E. Values are used to develop norms that are socially enforced. 1. Investors, employees, customers, interest groups, the legal system, and the community often determine whether a specific action is right or wrong and ethical or unethical. II. Why Study Business Ethics? A. A Crisis in Business Ethics 1. Reports of unethical activities (accounting fraud, insider trading, falsifying documents, deceptive advertising, defective products, bribery, abusive behavior, harassment, and employee theft) are cited as evidence of declining ethical standards, not only in business, but also in government, science, and sports. 2. Regardless of what an individual believes about a particular action, if society judges it to be unethical or wrong, whether correctly or not, that judgment directly affects the organization’s ability to achieve its business goals. B. Reasons for Studying Business Ethics 1. Studying business ethics is valuable for several reasons. a. An individual’s personal values and moral philosophies are only one factor in the ethical decision-making process- a person’s personal values and business ethics are not the same thing. b. Being a good person and having sound personal ethics may not be sufficient to handle the ethical issues that arise in a business organization. c. Business strategy decisions involve complex and detailed discussions, and a high level of personal moral development may not prevent an individual from violating the law in an organizational context. d. The values people learn from family, religion, and school may not provide specific guidelines for complex business decisions. 2. Studying business ethics helps businesspeople begin to identify ethical issues, recognize the approaches available to resolve them, learn about the ethical decision-making process and ways to promote ethical behavior, and begin to understand how to cope with conflicts between personal values and organizational values. III. The Development of Business Ethics A. Before 1960: Ethics in Business 1. Prior to 1960 the United States went through several agonizing phases, questioning the concept of capitalism. . In the 1920s, the progressive movement defined a â€Å"living wage† as income sufficient for education, recreation, health, and retirement. Businesses were asked to check unwarranted price increases and any other practices that would hurt a family’s â€Å"living wage. † b. In the 1930s, the New Deal specifically blamed business for the country’s economic woes. Businesses were asked to work more closely with the government to raise family income. c. By the 1950s, the New Deal had evolved into the Fair Deal, defining such matters as civil rights and environmental responsibility as ethical issues that businesses had to address. . Until 1960, ethical issues related to business were often discussed within the domain of theology or philosophy. Individual moral issues related to business were addressed in churches, synagogues, and mosques. a. Within the Roman Catholic Church, social ethics included concern for morality in business, workers’ rights, and living wages, for humanistic values rather than materialistic ones, and for improving the conditions of the poor. b. Protestants developed ethics courses in their seminaries and schools of theology and addressed issues concerning morality and ethics in business. c. Such religious traditions provided a foundation for the future field of business ethics, with each religion applying its moral concepts not only to business but also to government, politics, family, personal life, and all other aspects of life. B. The 1960s: The Rise of Social Issues in Business 1. American society turned to causes, and an antibusiness attitude developed as critics attacked the perceived vested interests that controlled both the economic and political sides of society- the so-called military-industrial complex. 2. The 1960s saw the decay of inner cities and the growth of ecological problems. . The rise of consumerism- activities undertaken by independent individuals, groups, and organizations to protect their rights as consumers- began, and President John F. Kennedy announced a Consumers’ Bill of Rights (the right to safety, the right to be informed, the right to choose, and the right to be heard). 4. Consumer activists, led by Ralph Nader, fought successfully for consumer-protection legislation. 5. Activities that could destabilize the economy or discriminate against any class of citizens began to be viewed as unethical and unlawful. C. The 1970s: Business Ethics as an Emerging Field 1. Business professors began to teach and write about corporate social responsibility: an organization’s obligation to maximize its positive impact on stakeholders and to minimize its negative impact. 2. Philosophers applied ethical theory and philosophical analysis to structure the discipline of business ethics. 3. As social demands grew, many businesses realized that they had to address ethical issues more directly. 4. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act was passed during Jimmy Carter’s presidency, making it illegal for U. S. businesses to bribe government officials in other countries. 5. Major business ethics issues had emerged, such as bribery, deceptive advertising, price collusion, product safety, and the environment. 6. Academic researchers sought to identify ethical issues and to describe how businesspeople might choose to act in particular situations. D. The 1980s: Consolidation 1. Membership in business ethics organizations increased, while centers of business ethics provided publications, courses, conferences, and seminars. a. Many firms established ethics and social policy committees to address ethical issues. 2. The Defense Industry Initiative on Business Ethics and Conduct (DII) was developed to guide corporate support for ethical conduct. The DII includes six principles: a. Development and distribution of understandable, detailed codes of conduct. b. Provision of ethics training and development of communication tools to support the periods between training. c. Creation of an open atmosphere in which employees feel comfortable reporting violations, without fear of retribution. . Performance of extensive internal audits and development of effective internal reporting and voluntary disclosure plans. e. Preservation of the integrity of the defense industry. f. Adoption of a philosophy of public accountability. 3. The Reagan/Bush era ushered in the belief that self-regulation, rather than regulation by government, was in the public’s interest. E. The 1990s: Institutionalization of Business Ethics 1. The Clinton administration continued to support self-regulation and free trade, although it strengthened regulation in some areas. 2. The Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations, which were based on the six principles of the Defense Industry Initiative, codified into law incentives to reward organizations for taking action, such as developing effective internal legal and ethical compliance programs, in order to prevent misconduct,. a. The guidelines mitigate penalties for businesses that strive to root out misconduct and establish high ethical and legal standards. On the other hand, under the FSGO, if a company lacks an effective ethical compliance program and its employees violate the law, it can incur severe penalties. b. The guidelines focus on firms taking action to prevent and detect business misconduct in cooperation with government regulation. F. The Twenty-First Century: A New Focus on Business Ethics 1. New evidence emerged in the early 2000s that more than a few business executives and managers had not fully embraced the public’s desire for high ethical standards. 2. To address a loss of confidence in financial reporting and corporate ethics, Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the most far-reaching change in organizational control and accounting regulations since the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. The law: a. made securities fraud a criminal offense and stiffened penalties for corporate fraud. b. created an accounting oversight board that requires corporations to establish codes of ethics for financial reporting and to develop greater transparency in financial reports to investors and other interested parties. c. requires top executives to sign off on their firms’ financial reports, and they risk fines and long jail sentences if they misrepresent their companies’ financial position. d. requires company executives to disclose stock sales immediately and prohibits companies from giving loans to top managers. . A 2004 amendment to the FSGO requires that a business’s governing authority be well informed about its ethics program with respect to content, implementation, and effectiveness. 4. In spite of legislation promoting better accountability in financial reporting and other measures to improve ethics, public trust of corporations (particularly financial cor porations) is at a very low point. 5. Around the world, the basic assumptions of capitalism are under debate in the wake of the most recent financial industry meltdown and global recession. a. There is a renewed need to address the level of ethical, legal and compliance regulations needed to help businesses serve the public interest. IV. Developing an Organizational and Global Ethical Culture A. The current trend is away from legally based compliance initiatives in organizations and towards cultural initiatives that make ethics a part of core organizational values. 1. To develop more ethical corporate cultures, many businesses are communicating core values to their employees by creating ethics programs and appointing ethics officers to oversee them. 2. The ethical component of a corporate culture relates to the values, beliefs, and established and enforced patterns of conduct that employees use to identify and respond to ethical issues. B. The term ethical culture can be viewed as the character or decision-making process that employees use to determine whether their responses to ethical issues are right or wrong. 1. Is used to describe the component of corporate culture that captures the rules and principles that an organization defines as appropriate conduct. C. Globally, businesses are working more closely together to establish standards of acceptable behavior. . The development of global codes of ethics, such as the Caux Round Table, highlights common ethical concerns for global firms. V. The Benefits of Business Ethics A. The field of business ethics continues to change rapidly as more firms recognize the benefits of improving ethical conduct and the link between business ethics and financial performance. B. Both research and e xamples from the business world demonstrate that building an ethical reputation among employees, customers, and the general public pays off. C. Ethics Contributes to Employee Commitment 1. Employee commitment comes from employees who believe their future is tied to both the future of the organization, and their willingness to make personal sacrifices for that organization. a. The more a company is dedicated to taking care of its employees, the more likely it is that the employees will take care of the organization. b. Issues that may foster the development of an ethical climate for employees include the absence of abusive behavior, a safe work environment, competitive salaries, and the fulfillment of all contractual obligations toward employees, as well as social programs such as stock ownership plans and community service. . Employees’ perception of their firm as having an ethical environment leads to performance-enhancing outcomes within the organization. a. Trusting relationships within an organization between both managers and their subordinates and upper management contribute to greater decision-making efficiencies. b. When employees see values such as hone sty, respect, and trust applied in the workplace, they feel less pressure to compromise ethical standards, observe less misconduct, are more satisfied with their organizations overall, and feel more valued as employees. . Research indicates that the ethical climate of a company matters to employees. D. Ethics Contributes to Investor Loyalty 1. Investors today are increasingly concerned about the ethics, social responsibility, and reputation of companies in which they invest. a. Investors recognize that an ethical climate provides a foundation for efficiency, productivity, and profits, while negative publicity, lawsuits, and fines can lower stock prices, diminish customer loyalty, and threaten a company’s long-term viability. b. Investors look at the bottom line for profits, the potential for increased stock prices or dividends, and for any potential flaws in the company’s performance, conduct, and financial reports. i)Executives may spend considerable time communicating with investors about their firms’ reputation and financial performance and trying to attract them to the company’s stock. c. The issue of drawing and keeping investors is a critical one for CEOs; gaining investors’ trust and confidence is vital for sustaining the financial stability of the firm. E. Ethics Contributes to Customer Satisfaction 1. Customer satisfaction is one of the most important factors in successful business strategy. a. By focusing on customer satisfaction, a company continually deepens the customer’s dependence on the company, and as the customer’s confidence grows, the firm gains a better understanding of how to serve the customer. b. Successful businesses provide an opportunity for customer feedback, which can engage the customer in cooperative problem solving. 2. Research indicates that a majority of consumers place social responsibility ahead of brand reputation or financial factors when forming impressions of companies. . A strong organizational ethical environment usually focuses on the core value of placing customers’ interests first. a. An ethical climate that focuses on customers incorporates the interests of all employees, suppliers, and other interested parties in decisions and actions. 1. An ethical culture that focuses on customers incorporates the interests of all employ ees, suppliers, and other interested parties in decisions and actions. b. Ethical conduct toward customers builds a strong competitive position that has been shown to positively affect both business performance and product innovation. F. Ethics Contributes to Profits 1. A company cannot nurture and develop an ethical organizational climate unless it has achieved adequate financial performance in terms of profits. a. Many studies have found a positive relationship between corporate social responsibility and business performance. b. Companies convicted of misconduct experience a significantly lower return on assets and sales than firms that have not faced such charges. 2. There are many examples of companies that have experienced significant performance declines after discovery of their failure to act responsibly toward various stakeholders. . Being ethical pays off with better performance. VI. Our Framework for Studying Business Ethics A. Part One provides an overview of business ethics, its importance, emerging issues, and the role of various stakeholder groups in social responsibility and corporate governance. B. Part Two focuses on ethical issues and the institutionalization of business ethics, such as business iss ues that create ethical decision making in organizations and the institutionalization of business ethics including both mandatory and voluntary societal concerns. C. Part Three explores the ethical decision-making process and then looks at both individual and organizational factors that influence decisions. D. Part Four explores systems and processes associated with implementing business ethics into global strategic planning. 1. The more you know about how individuals make decisions, the better prepared you will be to cope with difficult ethical decisions. 2. It is your job to make the final decision in an ethical situation that affects you: Sometimes that decision may be right; sometimes it may be wrong.

Azithromycin loaded polyethylene sebacate nanoparticles preparation, Essay

Azithromycin loaded polyethylene sebacate nanoparticles preparation, pharmacokinetic and efficacy in pneumonia of rabbits - Essay Example The reason for the interest is that the scientific community believes that there are 2 ways of using nanoparticles for drug delivery. The first reason is that due to the minute size of the particle, nanoparticles have the uncanny ability to penetrate even the smallest human capillary. The nanoparticles spread through the human system, thus allowing for efficient drug accumulation in target specific areas of the body. Second, the biodegradable materials used in the creation of nanoparticles has allowed pharmaceutical companies to develop long term release drug preparations within target sites covering a span of a few days to a few weeks. (Sahoo et al., 2003) The reason for this superior method of chemical delivery within the human system stems from the nanomedicines measuring only between 10 and 100 nanometers (nm). This makes the chemicals much easier to absorb than its larger sized counterparts when administered in passive mode for tissue penetration. Currently, nanomedicine drug formulations are designed to work with existing generic drugs, which reduces the cost of drug formulation for the pharmaceutical company. While most drugs in its current form are already effective in treating various illnesses, nano formulation of the same drugs allow the manufacturers to fine tune the drug molecules, this providing a significant increase in the effectiveness of the drug. This is done through the development of sustained release drugs that offer minimal side effects in the process. Known as nanoparticular drug delivery, the system allows a normal pharmacokinetic profile to deliver the correct amount of drugs in a targeted method that will affect only the required area over an extended period. This is a method that is not totally possible with encapsulated drugs. The nanoparticular drug delivery has allowed pharmaceutical science to

Foreign Investment in Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Investment in Japan - Essay Example This dissimilarity in business culture is a vital key to increasing the stakeholders’ worth and for recovery of investments (Finance and Investment).  This dissimilarity in business culture is a vital key to increasing the stakeholders’ worth and for recovery of investments (Finance and Investment).  Cultural Influence One of the most overbearing impressions that Japanese business owners have is that selling out means that they have failed their employees. Their concern for the welfare of their employees after the acquisition has been made is important and they feel that local companies understand this much more than foreigners do. This issue is not limited to foreign buyers; even Japanese equity funds face great difficulties in acquiring Japanese companies. It takes a lot of hard work to convince potential targets to sell because of their concern for their employees. (ACCI Journal).  This is the basic reason for the low numbers of transactions when compared to th e USA and Europe. This raises the question with most foreign investors as to whether Japanese companies are for sale? Japanese companies can be acquired, but this has usually been an uphill task because of cultural barriers. Now the feeling is that Japan needs foreign investment for sustenance (ACCI Journal).